In addition to their prominent role in research, diagnostics, and therapy, antibodies are also invaluable tools in the hands of forensic scientists and law enforcement agencies. Specifically, antibody reagents and antibody applications are used in testing for drugs of abuse as well as illicit performance enhancers in athletes. Antibodies to drugs of abuse or their metabolic products are typically generated by conjugating these molecules to an immunogenic carrier prior to immunization. Antibody-mediated drug testing can be done rapidly by simple ELISA type assays on whole serum, urine, or other body fluids, and does not require cumbersome fractionation of the sample prior to analysis or expensive instrumentation such as liquid or gas chromatographs.