Peptides are relatively short protein fragments that are used frequently as antigens either because of their own biological functions (Substance P, endorphins) or as surrogate of their parent proteins. The latter strategy is often chosen when antigen is limited but its peptide sequence at least partially known. In many instances, the antisera raised against the synthetic peptide(s) will recognize the holoprotein in native form and/or denatured form. Prior to immunization, peptides are usually conjugated to immunogenic carriers such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin. In most cases polyclonal antibodies are chosen for peptide antigens (Polyclonal Solutions). Peptide-specific antisera have a high likelyhood to recognize the parent protein on Western Blots or in immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry applications. In particular instances, when binding to a specific residue, or blocking of biological activity are desired, Monoclonal Solutions are chosen.
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